Artikel tentang e-commerce

 Artikel tentang e-commerce

Pengertian

           Perdagangan elektronik atau e-dagang (bahasa Inggris: Electronic commerce, juga e-commerce) adalah penyebaran, pembelian, penjualan, pemasaran barang dan jasa melalui sistem elektronik seperti internet atau televisi, www, atau jaringan komputer lainnya. E-dagang dapat melibatkan transfer dana elektronik, pertukaran data elektronik, sistem manajemen inventori otomatis, dan sistem pengumpulan data otomatis.

            Industri teknologi informasi melihat kegiatan e-dagang ini sebagai aplikasi dan penerapan dari e-bisnis (e-business) yang berkaitan dengan transaksi komersial, seperti: transfer dana secara elektronik, SCM (supply chain management), e-pemasaran (e-marketing), atau pemasaran online (online marketing), pemrosesan transaksi online (online transaction processing), pertukaran data elektronik (electronic data interchange /EDI), dll.

            E-dagang atau e-commerce merupakan bagian dari e-business, di mana cakupan e-business lebih luas, tidak hanya sekedar perniagaan tetapi mencakup juga pengkolaborasian mitra bisnis, pelayanan nasabah, lowongan pekerjaan dll. Selain teknologi jaringan www, e-dagang juga memerlukan teknologi basisdata atau pangkalan data (databases), e-surat atau surat elektronik (e-mail), dan bentuk teknologi non komputer yang lain seperti halnya sistem pengiriman barang, dan alat pembayaran untuk e-dagang ini.

            E-dagang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1994 pada saat pertama kali banner-elektronik dipakai untuk tujuan promosi dan periklanan di suatu halaman-web (website). Menurut Riset Forrester, perdagangan elektronik menghasilkan penjualan seharga AS$12,2 milyar pada 2003. Menurut laporan yang lain pada bulan oktober 2006 yang lalu, pendapatan ritel online yang bersifat non-travel di Amerika Serikat diramalkan akan mencapai seperempat trilyun dolar US pada tahun 2011.

            Electronic commerce, yang umum dikenal sebagai e-commerce atau e-comm, mengacu pada pembelian dan penjualan produk atau jasa melalui sistem elektronik seperti internet dan jaringan komputer lainnya. Electronic commerce mengacu pada teknologi seperti transfer dana elektronik, manajemen rantai suplai, pemasaran Internet, proses transaksi online, pertukaran data elektronik (EDI), sistem manajemen persediaan, dan sistem pengumpulan data otomatis. Perdagangan elektronik modern biasanya menggunakan World Wide Web setidaknya pada satu titik dalam siklus hidup-transaksi itu, meskipun mungkin mencakup lebih luas teknologi seperti e-mail, perangkat mobile dan telepon juga.
            Electronic commerce umumnya dianggap sebagai aspek penjualan e-bisnis. Hal ini juga terdiri dari pertukaran data untuk memfasilitasi pembiayaan dan pembayaran aspek dari transaksi bisnis.

Sejarah perkembangan

Istilah "perdagangan elektronik" telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu. Awalnya, perdagangan elektronik berarti pemanfaatan transaksi komersial, seperti penggunaan EDI untuk mengirim dokumen komersial seperti pesanan pembelian atau invoice secara elektronik.

Kemudian dia berkembang menjadi suatu aktivitas yang mempunya istilah yang lebih tepat "perdagangan web" — pembelian barang dan jasa melalui World Wide Web melalui server aman (HTTPS), protokol server khusus yang menggunakan enkripsi untuk merahasiakan data penting pelanggan.

Pada awalnya ketika web mulai terkenal di masyarakat pada 1994, banyak jurnalis memperkirakan bahwa e-commerce akan menjadi sebuah sektor ekonomi baru. Namun, baru sekitar empat tahun kemudian protokol aman seperti HTTPS memasuki tahap matang dan banyak digunakan. Antara 1998 dan 2000 banyak bisnis di AS dan Eropa mengembangkan situs web perdagangan ini.

 

E-commerce dapat dibagi menjadi:

• E-tailing atau "etalase virtual" di situs Web dengan katalog online, kadang-kadang dikumpulkan ke dalam sebuah "mal virtual". 
•  Pengumpulan dan penggunaan data demografis melalui kontak Web 
•  Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), pertukaran bisnis-ke-bisnis data 
•  E-mail dan faks dan penggunaannya sebagai media untuk mencapai prospek dan pelanggan yang ditentukan (misalnya, dengan newsletter) 
•  Business-to-bisnis jual beli 
• Keamanan transaksi bisnis

Aplikasi Bisnisnya:

•  Dokumen otomatisasi dalam rantai suplai dan logistik 
• Domestik dan internasional sistem pembayaran 
•  Perusahaan manajemen konten 
• Grup membeli 
•  Otomatis online asisten 
•  Olahpesan cepat 
• Newsgroup 
•   Belanja online dan pelacakan pesanan 
•  Online banking 
•  Kantor online suite 
•  Keranjang belanja perangkat lunak 
•  Telekonferensi 
•  Elektronik tiket

Faktor kunci sukses dalam e-commerce

Dalam banyak kasus, sebuah perusahaan e-commerce bisa bertahan tidak hanya mengandalkan kekuatan produk saja, tapi dengan adanya tim manajemen yang handal, pengiriman yang tepat waktu, pelayanan yang bagus, struktur organisasi bisnis yang baik, jaringan infrastruktur dan keamanan, desain situs web yang bagus, beberapa faktor yang termasuk:

1. Menyediakan harga kompetitif
2. Menyediakan jasa pembelian yang tanggap, cepat, dan ramah.
3. Menyediakan informasi barang dan jasa yang lengkap dan jelas.
4. Menyediakan banyak bonus seperti kupon, penawaran istimewa, dan diskon.
5. Memberikan perhatian khusus seperti usulan pembelian.
6. Menyediakan rasa komunitas untuk berdiskusi, masukan dari pelanggan, dan lain-lain.
7. Mempermudah kegiatan perdagangan

Tujuan dan manfaat menggunakan E-Commerce dalam Dunia Bisnis
    Tujuan suatu perusahaan menggunakan sistim E-Commerce adalah dengan menggunakan E-Commerce maka perusahaan dapat lebih efisien dan efektif dalam meningkatkan keuntungannya.

Manfaatnya:
- Dapat meningkatkan market exposure (pangsa pasar).   
- Menurunkan biaya operasional (operating cost). 
- Melebarkan jangkauan (global reach).
- Meningkatkan customer loyalty. 
- Meningkatkan supply management
 

Hari Sabtu, 23 Juni 2012 Pukul 20.30

Refrensi:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_elektronik

http://jurnal-sdm.blogspot.com/2009/08/e-commerse-definisi-jenis-tujuan.html

Pengertian Noun Clause

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.

Examples and Observations:

• "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."
  (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)

• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
  (Dorothy Parker)

• "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright."
  (Henry David Thoreau)

• "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that."
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)

• "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
  (Christina Baldwin)

• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)

• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life")

• "All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called 'noun clauses'):
• I know that the students studied their assignment.
• I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.

These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
(Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

• "I have run,
  I have crawled,
  I have scaled these city walls,
  These city walls
  Only to be with you,
  Only to be with you.
  But I still haven't found what I'm looking for."
  (written and performed by U2, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For," The Joshua Tree, 1987)

http://grammar.about.com

Definition:

A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.

Examples:

• I often wonder how you are getting on with him.

• He feared that he would fail.

• They replied that they would come to this town.

• Do you know who stole the watch?

• I thought that it would be fine day.

• No one knows who he is.

• I did not know what he would do next.

• How the budget got in is a mystery.

• Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

• I do not understand how all it happened.

The Noun-Clauses can be replaced with suitable Nouns or with suitable Noun-Phrases.

• No one knows when he will come. (Noun-Clauses)
• No one knows the time of his coming. (Noun-Phrases)

• I heard that he had succeeded. (Noun-Clauses)
• I heard of his success. (Noun-Phrases)

• We will never know why he failed. (Noun-Clauses)
• We will never know the reason for his failure. (Noun-Phrases)

• The law will punish whosoever is guilty. (Noun-Clause)
• The law will punish the guilty. (Noun)

• The police want to know where he is living. (Noun-Clauses)
• The police want to know his residence. (Noun)

http://www.english-for-students.com/Noun-Clause

Noun Clause Exercise

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.
1.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
2.    He said that he would not go.
3.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4.    He said that he was not feeling well.
5.    I cannot rely on what he says.
6.    I don’t know where he has gone.
7.    He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8.    The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9.    The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10.    It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11.    It was fortunate that he was present.
12.    The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
Answers
1.    Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb     ordered.
2.    Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said.
3.    Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.
4.    Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.
5.    Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.
6.    Here the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.
7.    Here the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of the verb asked.
8.    Here the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.
9.    Here the noun clause ‘that the soul is immortal’ is in apposition to the noun belief.
10.    Here the noun clause ‘that we will have to admit defeat’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
11.    Here the noun clause ‘that he was present’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
12.    Here the noun clause ‘that only ten persons were killed in the riots’ is in apposition to the noun report.
http://www.englishpractice.com

Conjunctions Definition       Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. Here are some example conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless We can consider conjunctions from three aspects. Form Conjunctions have three basic forms: Single Word for example: and, but, because, although Compound (often ending with as or that) for example: provided that, as long as, in order that Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective) for example: so...that Function Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs": Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example: - Jack and Jill went up the hill. - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming. Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: - I went swimming although it was cold.   Position Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause. In this lesson we will look in more detail at: Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life. Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. Unless we act now, all is lost. Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence. Common Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

EXERCISE - CONJUNCTIONS Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when. 1. Things were different _____ I was young. 2.  I do it _____ I like it. 3. Let us wait here _____ the rain stops. 4. You cannot be a lawyer  _____ you have a law degree. 5. That was years _____ years ago. 6. She has not called _____ she left last week. 7. I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago. 8. This is an expensive _____ very useful book. 9. We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest. 10. He was angry _____ he heard when happened. Answer: 1.      When 2.      Because 3.      Until 4.      Unless 5.      And 6.      Since 7.      Or 8.      But 9.      So 10.  When